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Gottlieb Mittelberger facts for kids
Quick facts for kids Gottlieb Mittelberger | |
|---|---|
| Born | |
| Died | Holy Roman Empire |
| Occupation |
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| Nationality | German |
| Notable works | Journey to Pennsylvania |
Gottlieb Mittelberger ( – ) was a German author, schoolmaster, organist, and Lutheran pastor.
He was best known for his work Journey to Pennsylvania (). Mittelberger's travelogue provides a firsthand historic account of the misery and exploitation of German immigrants during the US colonial period. In his work, he tries to convince his fellow Germans not to immigrate to the American colonies, as the forfeiture of freedom, cost of money, lack of health, and loss of life are too exorbitant to risk and sacrifice.
Although never an indentured servant, Mittelberger's written testament is one of several surviving historic works describing the hardships of the redemption system.
His meticulous account of his sea voyage to the British Atlantic colonies and subsequent experiences in Pennsylvania has become academically notable, due to the scarcity in primary source material concerning several of the issues he details.
Such topics include religious practices in colonial Pennsylvania, European passenger fares for children and adults, as well as the nature and consequences of epidemics on colonial era ships. The work is also noted for its lengthy discussion of social mores, including an account of a bigamous threesome and the status of illegitimate children, as evidencing the religious tolerance of colonial America.
Life
In , Mittelberger was born in Enzweihingen, Vaihingen County in the Duchy of Württemberg of the Holy Roman Empire.
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German colonists began moving to Pennsylvania in the late seventeenth century, encouraged by reports of rich land and religious freedom. He returned home in and two years later published a book warning others against settling in the American colonies. Although Mittelberger was not an indentured servant or a redemptioner, he focused on the hardships experienced by these bound laborers. Our Europeans, who are purchased [indentured servants and redemptioners], must always work hard, for new fields are constantly laid out; and so they learn that stumps of oa k- trees are in America certainly as hard as in Germany. In this hot land they fully experience in their own persons what God has imposed on man for his sin and disobedience; for in Genesis we read the words: In the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread.He became a schoolmaster in his native Enzweihingen but lost his job around In the spring of , Mittelberger was offered a position as organist and schoolmaster in New Providence, Pennsylvania.
In May , he left for the town of Heilbronn, where he met up with the river boat to take him and an organ up the Neckar and Rhine into the Netherlands.
From Rotterdam, he boarded the British ship Osgood for England and the British Atlantic colony of Pennsylvania. Upon arriving, Mittelberger worked for the German Saint Augustine's Church in New Providence, Pennsylvania. He also became a private instructor of music and tutor of the German language.
Gottlieb mittelberger biography of rory and dean Gottlieb Mittelberger's Journey to Pennsylvania in the Year The evils of slavery and the trials of the middle passage are well-known to anyone with a passing knowledge of history. The difficulties encountered by indentured servants are less well known, but many of those unfortunate souls also suffered oppressive conditions. Although we have relatively sparse documentation about the lives of indentured servants, what little we do have suggests that their lot was often difficult. Though this description of the journey of an indentured servant may be compared with the lot of the middle passage of slaves coming from Africa, the overriding difference was that for an indentured servant there was a light, however dim, at the end of the tunnel.Among Mittelberger's employers was Captain John Diemer, who led a British colonial expedition into Quebec against New France in to
Becoming disenfranchised with the Province of Pennsylvania, he returned to his native Duchy in Over the next two years, Mittelberger finished writing Journey to Pennsylvania, which was subsequently published in Stuttgart, with the permission of Duke Charles Eugene of Württemberg.
He died in the Duchy of Württemberg in
Journey to Pennsylvania
In Journey to Pennsylvania, published in , Mittelberger wrote a two-part travelogue about his voyage and experiences in colonial America. The first part is entitled "In America" and focuses on the suffering of the underprivileged.
The second part is entitled "Description of the Land Pennsylvania" and is more analytical, as Mittelberger discusses sociological and religious topics.
Observing from the perspective of a ship passenger aboard the Dutch vessel Osgood, Mittelberger documented the harrowing experiences of the impoverished European immigrants making the transatlantic voyage from Rotterdam to Philadelphia.
The majority of the passengers were representative of the influx of Germans to America from Baden, Württemberg, and the Palatinate.
Mittelberger details the exploitation of these poor immigrants by the Newlanders, ship crew and captains, as well as American colonists.
On religion and tolerance
Mittelberger expounds upon the lack of religious belief and practice in midth century Philadelphia. He was astonished by the general absence of belief in God and a lack of knowledge of the Bible.
Contrarily, he is confronted by a city dominated by free thinkers and infidels. The cultural influence of the Enlightenment is thus attested by Mittelberger's firsthand experience of religious skepticism, naturalism, and the popularity of Deism.
Gottlieb mittelberger Both in Rotterdam and in Amsterdam the people are packed densely, like herrings so to say, in the large sea-vessels. One person receives a place of scarcely 2 feet width and 6 feet length in the bedstead, while many a ship carries four to six hundred souls; not to mention the innumerable implements, tools, provisions, water-barrels and other things which likewise occupy much space. On account of contrary winds it takes the ships sometimes 2, 3 and 4 weeks to make the trip from Holland to But when the wind is good, they get there in 8 days or even sooner. Everything is examined there and the custom-duties paid, whence it comes that the ships ride there 8, 10 to 14 days and even longer at anchor, till they have taken in their full cargoes.By , the decline in Christianity is indicated by the existence of only eighteen churches in Philadelphia, serving a city of over 30, inhabitants. As Mittelberger notes:
Besides, there are many hundreds of adult persons who have not been and do not even wish to be baptized. There are many who think nothing of the sacraments and the Holy Bible, nor even of God and His word.
Many do not even believe that there is a true God and a devil, a heaven and a hell, salvation and damnation, resurrection of the dead, a judgment and eternal life; they believe that all one can see is natural.
Gottlieb mittelberger biography of rory van: Gottlieb Mittelberger ( – ) was a German author, schoolmaster, organist, and Lutheran pastor. [1] [2] He was best known for his work Journey to Pennsylvania (). Mittelberger's travelogue provides a firsthand historic account of the misery and exploitation of German immigrants during the US colonial period. In his work, he tries to.For in Pennsylvania every one may not only believe what he will, but he may even say it freely and openly.
According to historian Russell Weigley, Mittelberger was surprised by the relative lack of religious bigotry in colonial America, namely in contrast to the religious fervor and intolerance of the Old World.
As Mittelberger wrote of the American colonists: "To speak the truth, one seldom hears or sees a quarrel among them [which is] the result of the liberty which they enjoy and which makes them all equal."
On the misfortune of indentured servants
Mittelberger's primary focus concerns the tribulations of the European immigrants to the British Atlantic colonies.
In particular, he wrote of the precarious transatlantic voyage, as well as the sale and exploitation of immigrants into indentured servitude. Mittelberger describes the health conditions at sea as harrowing:
But during the voyage there is on board these ships terrible misery, stench, fumes, horror, vomiting, many kinds of sea-sickness, fever, dysentery, headache, heat, constipation, boils, scurvy, cancer, mouth-rot, and the like, all of which come from old and sharply salted food and meat, also from very bad and foul water, so that many die miserably.
Mittelberger continues:
That most of the people get sick is not surprising, because, in addition to all other trials and hardships, warm food is served only three times a week, the rations being very poor and very little.
Gottlieb mittelberger biography of rory van Gottlieb mittelberger biography of rory allen Gottlieb mittelberger biography of rory and ryan Such meals can hardly be eaten, on account of being so unclean. The water which is served out on the ships is often very black, thick and full of worms, so that one cannot drink it without loathing, even with the greatest thirst. Toward the end we were compelled to eat the ship's biscuit which had been spoiled long ago; though in a whole biscuit there was scarcely a, piece the size of a dollar that had not been full of red worms and spiders nests.
On the structure of passenger fare
As economic historian Farley Grubb states, there are scarce remaining sources in the world documenting 18th century transatlantic passenger fare.
Consequently, there is historic significance in Mittelberger documenting the uniform pay for passage to America as being structured by the age of the immigrant. Children under five years of age are free. However, the fee from Rotterdam for any person ten years of age or higher was ten British pounds or 60 Dutch florins (guilders). Children between five and ten years were half priced at 30 florins or five pounds.