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Galileo Galilei
| Italian physicist, astronomer, one of the founders of natural science, an outstanding thinker of the Renaissance. Date of Birth: Country: Italy |
Biography of Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist, astronomer, and one of the founders of natural science, as well as a prominent thinker of the Renaissance.
He was born on February 15, , in the city of Pisa, into a noble but impoverished family. His father, Vincenzo Galilei, was a talented musician and composer, but art did not provide enough income, so he supplemented his earnings with cloth trading.
Galileo lived in Pisa until the age of eleven, where he attended school, and then moved with his family to Florence.
There, he continued his education at a Benedictine monastery, studying grammar, arithmetic, rhetoric, and other subjects. At the age of seventeen, Galileo enrolled at the University of Pisa to pursue a career in medicine.
Early Telescopic Observations - The Linda Hall Library The printer, Thomas Baglioni in Venice, reported Mar 8 as the date of issue. Some tables in the end matter Figure 1 depict five images of the Moon two of them, nos. The tables were engraved on copper for printing, likely by a worker of Baglioni, and this can explain the otherwise puzzling fact that in some of the tables a large crater appears nos. Figure 1. Five depictions of the Moon contained in the end matter of the Sidereus Nuncius.Due to financial constraints, he had to leave the university and return to Florence. It was here that Galileo began studying mathematics and physics. In , he wrote his first scientific work, "Little Hydrostatic Weights".
In , Galileo obtained a professorship in mathematics at the University of Pisa, where he taught mathematics and astronomy.
During this time, he conducted experiments by dropping various objects from the inclined Tower of Pisa to test Aristotle's theory that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones. His experiments proved this theory to be false. In , Galileo constructed his first telescope, an optical system consisting of convex and concave lenses, and began systematic astronomical observations.
Luna disegnata da galileo biography However, based on his extant correspondence as well as entries in his notebooks, as in the case of sunspots, Harriot did not appear to have drawn any particular physical significance from what he saw. Galileo, due in part to his artistic training and the knowledge of chiaroscuro see notes 1 , had understood the patterns of light and shadow were, in fact, topographical markers. While not being the only one to observe the moon through a telescope , Galileo was the first to deduce the cause of the uneven waning as light occlusion from lunar mountains and craters. In his study, he also made topographical charts, estimating the heights of the mountains. Comparing patterns of light and shadow in the vicinity of the terminator the dividing line between light and shadow in the first and third quarters, Galileo could argue convincingly that there exist mountains and valleys on the lunar surface.This marked the rebirth of the telescope, which had been virtually unknown for nearly twenty years, and became a powerful tool for scientific inquiry. Therefore, Galileo can be considered the inventor of the first telescope.
He quickly improved his telescope, and according to his own words, "built an instrument so perfect that objects appeared almost a thousand times larger and more than thirty times closer than when observed with the naked eye".
Galileo turned his telescope towards the sky on the night of January 7, What he saw there – the lunar landscape, mountain ranges and peaks – led him to believe that the Moon resembled the Earth and had mountain systems. This discovery contradicted religious dogma and Aristotle's teachings about the special position of Earth among celestial bodies.
Galileo also discovered four moons of Jupiter, which also contradicted Aristotle's teachings. He established that the Sun rotates on its axis. Based on his observations, Galileo concluded that rotational motion was inherent to all celestial bodies and that the heliocentric system proposed by Copernicus was the only true one.
Galileo began to advocate more boldly for Copernican theory.
In , eleven prominent theologians reviewed Copernican theory and concluded that it was false.
See full list on ourplnt.com Galileo Galilei and Ludovico Cardi known as Cigoli were very good friends : they were almost the same age the scientist was born in , the artist in , they had met in Florence when they were young, and a strong friendship was born between them, which lasted all their lives, partly because they both cultivated the same passions. Galileo loved to spend his free time making drawings, and Cigoli, for his part, had considerable interests in science and astronomy. Photo credit. It should be specified, however, that the original document with which Cigoli was commissioned the work did not strictly speak of the Immaculate Conception. The subject was in fact supposed to be the woman of the Apocalypse , an iconographic theme very similar to that of the Immaculate Conception.It was declared heretical, and Copernicus' book "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" was included in the Index of Forbidden Books. Galileo was summoned from Florence to Rome and ordered to cease propagating heretical views on the structure of the universe. Galileo was forced to comply. In , his book "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems – Ptolemaic and Copernican" was published.
The book was written in the form of a dialogue between two Copernican supporters and one adherent of Aristotle and Ptolemy. Each interlocutor sought to understand the other's point of view and the validity of their arguments.
Sanctions followed immediately. The sale of the "Dialogue" was banned, and Galileo was called to trial in Rome.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist, astronomer, and one of the founders of natural science, as well as a prominent thinker of the Renaissance. He was born on February 15, , in the city of Pisa, into a noble but impoverished family. His father, Vincenzo Galilei, was a talented musician and composer, but art did not provide enough income, so he supplemented his earnings with cloth trading. Galileo lived in Pisa until the age of eleven, where he attended school, and then moved with his family to Florence. There, he continued his education at a Benedictine monastery, studying grammar, arithmetic, rhetoric, and other subjects.The trial lasted from April to June , and on June 22, at the same church where Giordano Bruno had received his death sentence, Galileo, kneeling, uttered the prescribed recantation. In the final years of his life, he had to work under the harshest conditions.
He lived under house arrest at his villa in Arcetri (Florence) under constant supervision by the Inquisition.
It was during this time, for a period of two years, that Galileo wrote "Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations" where he presented the foundations of dynamics. In May , the scientist negotiated the publication of his work in the Netherlands and secretly sent the manuscript there. The "Discourses" were published in Nieuw-Leyden in July , almost a year later, the book reached Arcetri in June By that time, the sick and blind Galileo could only touch his creation with his hands.
Galileo Galilei died on January 8, He was buried in the monastic chapel of the Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence without honors or a tombstone.
It wasn't until November that Pope John Paul II officially acknowledged that the Inquisition had made an error in , forcing the scientist to recant Copernican theory.