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Abdul Hamid II

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the 99th Caliph, reigned from to The last autocratic ruler of the Ottoman Empire.

Abdul hamid ii biography graphic organizer pdf During his reign, he sought to modernize and strengthen the Ottoman Empire, introducing numerous reforms to the economy, education system, and military. He also commissioned the construction of several important public works, including railways, bridges, and hospitals. Although he came to power at a time of political upheaval, he made some very major developments and changes throughout his empire. At the time of his accession to the throne in , the Ottoman Empire had become bankrupt and could not defend itself against its many enemies. In addition to external challenges, the Ottoman Empire grappled with intricate internal dynamics.

Tried to establish a regime of one-man rule and preserve the territorial integrity of the empire, relying on the ideology of pan-Islamism. Strive

Date of Birth:
Country: Turkey

Content:
  1. Sultan of the Ottoman Empire: Abdülhamid II
  2. Ascension to the Throne
  3. Suppression of the Constitution and Consolidation of Power
  4. The "Sick Man of Europe"
  5. The Armenian Massacres
  6. The Young Turk Revolution
  7. Legacy

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire: Abdülhamid II

Abdülhamid II, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the 99th caliph, reigned from to He was the last absolute ruler of the Ottoman Empire.

He attempted to establish a sole-rule regime and preserve the empire's territorial integrity, relying on the ideology of pan-Islamism. During his reign, the rapidly weakening and disintegrating Ottoman Empire was ultimately reduced to a semi-colony of European powers.

Ascension to the Throne

Abdülhamid II ascended to the throne on August 31, , after his brother, Murad V, who had reigned for just three months, was deposed due to efforts by the leaders of the "Young Ottomans" and Midhat Pasha.

Abdul hamid ii biography graphic organizer Elevated to power in the wake of Young Ottoman coups , he promulgated the Ottoman Empire's first constitution during the Tersane Conference , [ 4 ] a sign of the progressive thinking that marked his early rule. But his enthronement came in the context of the Great Eastern Crisis , which began with the Empire's default on its loans, uprisings by Christian Balkan minorities, and a war with the Russian Empire. At the end of the crisis, Ottoman rule in the Balkans and its international prestige were severely diminished, and the Empire lost its economic sovereignty as its finances came under the control of the Great Powers through the Ottoman Public Debt Administration. In , Abdul Hamid consolidated his rule by suspending both the constitution and the parliament, [ 4 ] purging the Young Ottomans [ tr ] , and curtailing the power of the Sublime Porte. He ruled as an absolute monarch for three decades.

Upon his accession to the throne, Abdülhamid II pledged to promulgate a constitution and hold parliamentary elections.

Suppression of the Constitution and Consolidation of Power

However, Abdülhamid II's initial promises were soon abandoned as he embarked on a path to suppress the constitution and consolidate absolute monarchical power.

He dismissed the parliament, formally dissolved the constitution in , and established a Hamidian regime characterized by despotism, censorship, and secret police.

The "Sick Man of Europe"

Under Abdülhamid II, the Ottoman Empire continued to decline, earning the moniker "the Sick Man of Europe." The empire lost territories to European powers and Balkan states, including Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria-Hungary, Cyprus to Britain, and parts of Thessaly and Epirus to Greece.

The Armenian Massacres

The reign of Abdülhamid II was marred by the Armenian Massacres, which took place between and The massacres resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Armenians and drew widespread international condemnation.

The Young Turk Revolution

Despite Abdülhamid II's repressive rule, opposition to his regime grew within the military and intellectual circles.

In , the Young Turk Revolution forced Abdülhamid II to reinstate the constitution and establish a new government. He was deposed in and died in

Legacy

Abdülhamid II's legacy is complex and controversial. He was both a reformer and a tyrant, a champion of pan-Islamism, and an oppressor of non-Muslims. His reign marked the decline of the Ottoman Empire, which was finally dismantled after World War I.